Poverty Global Issues Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Poverty Global Issues - Research Paper Example In business, poverty is used in the determination of value of goods, and services and that is why most people will invest where poverty is low. People with high levels of poverty struggle a lot to earn their living, and most of them afford one meal a day or none. People do stupid stuffs to try and escape poverty and they end up being criminals. Poverty in different regions began at different times depending in the social and economic factors developments, in the particular area. According to World Bank statistics, it is estimated that poverty started being felt in 1960s when there was an increase in population. In 1964, Mollie Orshansky of social security administration published the first article of the increase in lack of resources especially food. This was due to the inadequacy in income and increase in population. In Africa, there was a massive increase in population during 1970s and this led to depletion of resources. There was the completion of basic commodities, and this led to batter trade so that people may exchange resources they did not have. The effects of poverty are extremely grave, and we need to act with speed to curb it. People who are impoverished have inadequate access to basic commodities such as food, clothing, and shelter. There are many people who die of diseases since they cannot afford medical care. In some areas, there are many innocent children who are not accessing education due to lack of fees. The governments and all people should devise means that will ensure all people afford basic commodities. The levels of poverty in the globe are exceedingly enormous, and require immediate solutions and heavy funding. People should embrace technology so that there is a large-scale production. Agriculture is a key factor that can alleviate poverty, and, therefore, we should put all the viable lands into use. Employment equality should be enforced in

NAFTA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

NAFTA - Essay Example An understanding of the economic effects and the benefits of this agreement is important for those personnel who are to be stationed in near shore positions located in Mexico or Canada. The first benefit for large American based companies who choose to deploy a part of their operations in Mexico or Canada is the economic advantage of lowered recruitment and Human Resource Cost for skilled and unskilled labor as compared to the economic market in America (Wikipedia, 2006). Additionally, American operations managers and executives of companies working in Mexico have the advantage of a higher standard of living in Mexico since the cost of living is lower (World Bank Group, 2001). After a decade of free trade with America, the Mexican economy like the Canadian economy has become very closely linked to the American economic system. NAFTA therefore is essential for Mexico’s continual growth and economic survival as a trillion dollar plus economy. With NAFTA the economy of Mexico has experienced booms but there is still some controversy about the application of the rules under NAFTA (Wikipedia, 2006). The opposition mostly comes from the economic crisis which Mexico went under soon after the signing of the treaty in 1995. However, the data collected by the World Bank and other economic agencies show that NAFTA has been mostly beneficial for the economy of Mexico since the poverty rated have gone down and economic improvement has resulted in greater job opportunities for the Mexican people. Real incomes and salaries have been on the rise and if the government continues to invest in education and other public projects for development Mexico could become one of the fastest growing economies of the world (World Bank Group, 2001). While the trade between the countries has been liberalized like the European Common Market, the national sovereignty of nations has not been changed and the laws for

National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Policies

National Disaster Risk Reduction Management Policies The Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction Management Act of 2010 (Republic Act 10121) is an act strengthening the Philippine disaster risk reduction and management system, providing for the national disaster risk reduction and management framework and institutionalizing the national disaster risk reduction and management plan. Republic Act 10121 was signed by former president Gloria Macapagal Arroyo on the 27th of May, last year after the country was hard hit by typhoon Ondoy and Pepeng leaving the country with high death toll and millions of property losses. According to the law, Republic Act 10121 will provide for the development of policies and plans and the implementation of actions and measures pertaining to all aspects of disaster risk reduction and management, including good governance, risk assessment and early warning, knowledge building and awareness raising, reducing underlying risk factors, and preparedness for effective response and early recovery. After the 8.9 magnitude earthquake and tsunami that struck Japan, Senator Juan Miguel Zubiri filed Resolution No.426 asking the Senate Committee on Natural Resources and the Committee on Climate Change to determine the implementation of the Philippine Disaster Risk Reduction Management Act of 2010 , which calls for the development of a comprehensive program to mitigate the effects of natural calamities. In an interview with Senator Juan Miguel Zubiri, he said, Almost a year after the enactment of Republic Act No.10121 and with the recent natural calamities happening in the Asian region and nearby countries, it is timely for Congress and our people to be informed of the status and implementation of the countrys National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan. He further said that the Japan earthquake was preceded by a destructive 6.3 magnitude earthquake in Christ-church, New Zealand, thus, there are some who raised the possibility that a powerful earthquake happening in the Philippines could not be far behind. Senator Edgardo Angara also expressed his concern over the countrys ability to address a strong earthquake and tsunami at the same time. He also said that, We are fortunate to have not been severely affected by this catastrophe which has crippled Japan, despite all their measures to safeguard the people and the infrastructure. But what if we are not so lucky next time? The Philippines is not nearly as prepared. In view of challenges and risks that disasters pose in our society, a broader and more comprehensive response to changes prevailing in the country today can be achieved through the integration of the CNE (cultural-natural-economic) Model for sustainable development. The CNE model is a single integral unity of understanding not only of economics but also of its interface with ecology and sociology. Gonzales (2005) mentioned, in his in-depth study of the CNE model, that a balance between culture and nature is life giving and life nourishing. The economic system is primarily subsistence with no monetary type of transaction of persons and communities. There is a free flow of free goods from nature than economic goods from the marker system. This phenomenon is the dependency to Common Property Resource by communities. On the other, the non dependency to Common Property Resource by communities phenomenon showed rather different approach. The life giving forces of culture and nature have been threatened by imbalances in the system of society, ecology, and economy. There is perceived contradiction between traditions, industrial interest and survival. Economic system on the other end integrates a perceived conflict between subsistence and commercial activities. Statement of the Problem Past and current studies present a narrow perspective on the relationship of National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRMM) policies to culture, nature, and to the nations economy. In the Philippine setting, few studies were directed towards such studies. The inadequacy of existing literature in the Philippines directs us to assessing the degree of integration of the CNE Model in DRMM policies. Objectives of the Study General Objective: The study aims to assess the degree of integration of the CNE Model in the DRMM policies Specific Objectives: To determine if in the current DRRM policies, mechanism are in place to protect the cultural integrity of vulnerable population groups in the event of a disaster. To determine to what extent do programs on pre-disaster preparedness, response and post-disaster recovery work under the framework of environmental sustainability? To investigate if mechanism are in place to address economic recovery during post-disaster phase. Are there policies that make local economies resilient to the effects of disaster? To what extent are these policies implemented? Has there been an assessment of economic resiliency development in response to disaster? Review of Related Literature Disasters cause great damage by disrupting the functioning of a society thus rendering the country incapable of coping through using its own resources as there is a need for outsider assistance in order to effectively preserve lives and the environment. Conversely, Natural hazards are natural phenomena that are potential threats to people within a society, structures or economic assets and may cause disaster. Natural disasters are inevitable and ubiquitous worldwide, they are chiefly present in the forms of hurricanes, earthquakes, floods, droughts, and volcanoes. The great damages caused by natural disasters may be divided into three categories: social, economic and environmental. To name a few impacts of disaster are as follows: loss of lives and homelessness, disruption of communities, employment (social impact) process of money being diverted into relief activities and reconstruction, Gross Domestic Product (economic impacts), food shortage and the contamination of water, loss of homes (social impacts) and the overall impact on the economy as well as assistance received from outsiders (economic impacts). Impacts of Disaster on Culture/Society The social consequences of natural disasters can be far larger than the immediate physical effects of the disaster. Primary damage is the destruction of buildings and roads, and it is the most obvious form of consequence from natural disasters. Secondary, or social, consequences stem from the primary. The impact of natural disasters is strongly linked with social factors; for example, 90 percent of deaths from natural disasters occur in the developing world. The most obvious devastating effect of leaving people homeless, destruction of housing can have other major long-term impacts on a society. Health issues have short- and long-term consequences. In most countries of the developing world, the health care infrastructures are already poor, so they simply cannot cope with the strain on resources that natural disasters create. Education is one of the biggest losers in a natural disaster. Lack of access to education cannot be underestimated, as it prevents children from receiving adequa te training. Political instability can last for years after a natural disaster. In the developing world, where responses to natural disasters are limited by poor infrastructure, governments are often blamed for slow action. Political instability can lead to the breakdown of law, which again severely inhibits the recovery of the local economy, in terms of domestic trade and external investment. Impacts of Disaster on Nature/Environment The impacts of disasters, whether natural or man-made, not only have societal dimensions, but environmental ones as well. Environmental conditions may exacerbate the impact of a disaster, and vice versa, disasters have an impact on the environment. Deforestation, forest management practices, agriculture systems etc. can exacerbate the negative environmental impacts of a storm or typhoon, leading to landslides, flooding, silting and ground/surface water contamination. The majority of risks and vulnerabilities that humans are facing have environmental precedence, whether natural or built environments. Human production and consumption patterns lead to environmental degradation, which results in exacerbation of natural risks and hazards. Impacts of Disaster on Economy The impacts of natural disasters have historically been devastating on economies that do not move to offset these effects. The economy of the U.S. and Japan are unique in that disaster recovery plans are set up to help offset such economic impacts. Furthermore, both economies are resilient to such shocks given the expectations of such shocks to take place. Developing countries often do not share the same luxury and cannot avoid the long term economic impacts. The impacts in question are specifically reductions in aggregate supply and demand, with lower levels of output (income), causing price deflations and higher levels of unemployment. Furthermore, the Japanese government on Wednesday estimated the direct damage from a deadly earthquake and tsunami that struck the countrys northeast this month at as much as $310 billion, making it the worlds costliest natural disaster. Tokyo said the estimate covered damage to roads, homes, factories and other infrastructure, and eclipses the losses incurred by other natural disasters such as the 1995 Kobe quake and Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Loayza et al (2011) research paper studies several such disasters in both developed and developing countries over the period 1961-2005 to determine their impact on growth. Their focus is on the impact of growth in the medium term, over five years. The researchers study four different types of natural disasters-droughts, floods, earthquakes and storms-and find that they affect economies differently. Droughts, for instance, have a negative impact on growth because they lower agricultural production, hamper the provision of raw materials for industry, and also affect electricity generation. Floods, if they do not last too long and are localized, can, however, have a positive effect on growth if they lead to higher agricultural production and greater electricity generation. But heres what the paper has to say about the effect of earthquakes: Earthquakes may have a positive impact on industrial growth. Although they severely affect both workers and capital, earthquakes particularly destro y buildings, infrastructure, and factories. The capital-worker ratio is then sharply diminished, the average (and marginal) product of capital increases, and output grows as the economy enters a cycle of reconstruction. Moreover, if destroyed capital is replaced by a vintage of better quality, factor productivity increases, leading to a further push to higher growth.Thats why most analysts (and there is no shortage of armchair analysts on natural disasters these days, they have mushroomed like radiation after a nuclear disaster) have said that while there will be a short-term negative impact on the Japanese economy, longer-term growth will be positive as reconstruction starts. Storms, on the other hand, have negative effects on agricultural growth, as crops are destroyed, but their impact on industrial growth is positive, again because of the destruction of capital, which has to be rebuilt later. The authors say that while droughts affect the greatest number of people, earthquakes c ause the most destruction. The results also depend on the severity of the natural disaster. The authors point out that while moderate earthquakes and storms can have a beneficial reconstruction effect on industrial growth, severe events are so devastating that the loss of capital cannot be compensated by increasing capacity, thus dissipating the potential gains. Overall, any potential positive effects on growth from natural disasters appear to disappear when natural disasters are extreme. And finally, the economies of developing countries are more affected by natural disasters than those of developed countries and the poor are affected the most. The study more or less confirms what is suggested by common sense. But perhaps the most worrying effect of the disaster in Japan has been the danger of radioactive leakage from nuclear plants. If this leads to a shift away from nuclear energy to oil, that could well have much more far-reaching impact, not only on the Japanese economy, but gl obally as well. Disaster Risk Reduction and Management on a Wider Perspective The International Strategy for Disaster Reduction System The International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) is a system of partnerships. These partnerships are composed of a broad range of actors, all of which have essential roles to play in supporting nations and communities to reduce disaster risk. Partners include Governments, inter-governmental and nongovernmental organizations, international financial institutions, scientific and technical bodies and specialized networks as well as civil society and the private sector. The Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction is the main forum for continued and concerted emphasis on disaster reduction, providing strategic guidance and coherence for implementing the Hyogo Framework, and for sharing experiences and expertise among all its stakeholders. A secretariat the UNISDR secretariat supports and assists the ISDR System in implementing the Hyogo Framework for Action. Purpose of the ISDR system The overall objective of the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR) system is to generate and support a global disaster risk reduction movement to reduce risk to disasters and to build a culture of prevention in society as part of sustainable development. In pursuit of this objective, the ISDR system supports nations and communities to implement the Hyogo Framework for Action through widened participation of Governments and organizations in the ISDR; raising the profile of disaster reduction in the priorities and programmes of organizations; and building a stronger, more systematic and coherent international effort to support national disaster reduction efforts. United Nations Development Programme (Disaster Reduction Unit) According to UNDP reducing the impact of natural disasters requires a comprehensive approach that accounts for the causes of a societys vulnerability to disasters. Not only must a comprehensive strategy be articulated, but the political will must be established to sustain new policies. The key elements of a comprehensive approach to disaster risk reduction consist of: Political will and governance aspects (policies, legal frameworks, resources and organizational structures) Risk identification (risk and impact assessment, early warning) Knowledge management (information management, communication, education training, public awareness, research) Risk management applications (environmental and natural resource management, social and economic development practices, physical and technical measures) Preparedness and emergency management Disaster Risk Reduction and Management in the Philippine Context Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) is a systematic approach to identifying, assessing and reducing the risks of disaster. It aims to reduce socio-economic vulnerabilities to disaster as well as dealing with the environmental and other hazards that trigger them. United Nation agencies such as UNISDR and UNDP define it as The conceptual framework of elements considered with the possibilities to minimize vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout a society, to avoid (prevention) or to limit (mitigation and preparedness) the adverse impacts of hazards, within the broad context of sustainable development. DRR is such an all-embracing concept that it has proved difficult to define or explain in detail, although the broad idea is clear enough. Inevitably, there are different definitions of the term in the technical literature but it is generally understood to mean the broad development and application of policies, strategies and practices to minimise vulnerabilities and disaster risks throughout society The term disaster risk management (DRM) is often used in the same context and to mean much the same thing: a systematic approach to identifying, assessing and reducing risks of all kinds associated with hazards and human activities. It is more properly applied to the operational aspects of DRR: the practical implementation of DRR initiatives. Republic Act No.10121 defines DRR as the concept and practice of reducing disaster risks through systematic efforts to analyze and manage the causal factors of disasters, including through reduced exposures to hazards, lessened vulnerability of people and property, wise management of land and the environment, and improved preparedness for adverse events. Disaster Risk Reduction and Management (DRRM) on the other hand is the systematic process of using administrative directives, organizations, and operational skills and capacities to implement strategies, policies and improved coping capacities in order to lessen the adverse impacts of hazards and the possibility of disaster. Prospective disaster risk reduction and management refers to risk reduction and management activities that address and seek to avoid the development of new or increased disaster risks, especially if risk reduction policies are not put in place. Furthermore, the law provides for comprehensive, all hazards, multi-sectoral, inter-agency and community-based approach to disaster risk reduction and management through the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Framework (NDRRMF). The National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP) on the other hand shall provide for the identification of hazards, vulnerabilities and risks to be managed at the national level; disaster risk reduction and management approaches and strategies to be applied m managing said hazards and risks; agency roles, responsibilities and lines of authority at all government levels; and vertical and horizontal coordination of disaster risk reduction and management in the pre-disaster and post-disaster phases. It shall be in conformity with the NDRRMF. Among the policies of Republic Act No.10121 are as follows: (a) Uphold the peoples constitutional rights to life and property by addressing the root causes of vulnerabilities to disasters, strengthening the countrys institutional capacity for disaster risk reduction and management and building the resilience of local communities to disasters including climate change impacts; (b) Adhere to and adopt the universal norms, principles and standards of humanitarian assistance and the global effort on risk reduction as concrete expression of the countrys commitment to overcome human sufferings due to recurring disasters; (c) Incorporate internationally accepted principles of disaster risk management in the creation and implementation of national, regional and local sustainable development and poverty reduction strategies, policies, plans and budgets; (d) Adopt a disaster risk reduction and management approach that is holistic, comprehensive, integrated, and proactive in lessening the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of disasters including climate change, and promote the involvement and participation of all sectors and all stakeholders concerned, at all levels, especially the local community; (e) Develop, promote, and implement a comprehensive National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Plan (NDRRMP) that aims to strengthen the capacity of the national government and the local government units (LGUs), together with partner stakeholders, to build the disaster resilience of communities, and to institutionalize arrangements and measures for reducing disaster risks, including projected climate risks, and enhancing disaster preparedness and response capabilities at all levels; (f) Adopt and implement a coherent, comprehensive, integrated, efficient and responsive disaster risk reduction program incorporated in the development plan at various levels of government adhering to the principles of good governance such as transparency and accountability within the context of poverty alleviation and environmental protection; (g) Mainstream disaster risk reduction and climate change in development processes such as policy formulation, socioeconomic development planning, budgeting, and governance, particularly in the areas of environment, agriculture, water, energy, health, education, poverty reduction, land-use and urban planning, and public infrastructure and housing, among others; (h) Institutionalize the policies, structures, coordination mechanisms and programs with continuing budget appropriation on disaster risk reduction from national down to local levels towards building a disaster-resilient nation and communities; (i) Mainstream disaster risk reduction into the peace process and conflict resolution approaches in order to minimize loss of lives and damage to property, and ensure that communities in conflict zones can immediately go back to their normal lives during periods of intermittent conflicts; (j) Ensure that disaster risk reduction and climate change measures are gender responsive, sensitive to indigenous knowledge systems, and respectful of human rights; (k) Recognize the local risk patterns across the country and strengthen the capacity of LGUs for disaster risk reduction and management through decentralized powers, responsibilities, and resources at the regional and local levels; (l) Recognize and strengthen the capacities of LGUs and communities in mitigating and preparing for, responding to, and recovering from the impact of disasters; (m) Engage the participation of civil society organizations (CSOs), the private sector and volunteers in the governments disaster risk reduction programs towards complementation of resources and effective delivery of services to the Citizenry; (n) Develop and strengthen the capacities of vulnerable and marginalized groups to mitigate, prepare for, respond to, and recover from the effects of disasters; (o) Enhance and implement a program where humanitarian aid workers, communities, health professionals, government aid agencies, donors, and the media are educated and trained on how they can actively support breastfeeding before and during a disaster and/or an emergency; and (p) Provide maximum care, assistance and services to individuals and families affected by disaster, implement emergency rehabilitation projects to lessen the impact of disaster, and facilitate resumption of normal social and economic activities. The CNE Model The CNE Model is the integration of the CNE (cultural-natural-economic) factors to sustainable development. The CNE model is a single integral unity of understanding not only of economics but also of its interface with ecology and sociology. Gonzales (2005) mentioned, in his in-depth study of the CNE model, that a balance between culture and nature is life giving and life nourishing. The economic system is primarily subsistence with no monetary type of transaction of persons and communities. There is a free flow of free goods from nature than economic goods from the marker system. This phenomenon is the dependency to Common Property Resource by communities. On the other, the non dependency to Common Property Resource by communities phenomenon showed rather different approach. The life giving forces of culture and nature have been threatened by imbalances in the system of society, ecology, and economy. There is perceived contradiction between traditions, industrial interest and survival. Economic system on the other end integrates a perceived conflict between subsistence and commercial activities. The integration of the CNE model to sustainable development can lead to an eagles view to the prevailing changes in the country today. It does not only focus on one aspect of the problem but sees the problem in a wider perspective. It also considers factors like culture, nature, and economy in order to create a more comprehensive approach to a countrys development and sustainability. There had been a lot of literature published with regards to DRRM but does not provide links with assessing the integration of the CNE Model to DRRM. There are studies assessing the integration of the environment to DRRM, as well as assessing the integration of the economy to DRRM, but does not encompass all the CNE factors. Theoretical and Conceptual Framework The Hyogo Framework for Action The Hyogo Framework for Action 2005-2015: Building the Resilience of Nations and Communities to Disasters was adopted at the World Conference on Disaster Reduction, held in Kobe, Hyogo, Japan, 18-22 January 2005. It provides a strategic and comprehensive global approach to reducing vulnerabilities to natural hazards, and represents a significant reorientation of attention toward the root causes of disaster risks, as an essential part of sustainable development, rather than on disaster response alone. It stresses the need for greater political commitment and public awareness, and defines an expected outcome, three strategic goals and five priority areas of action. The Frameworks implementation is identified as primarily the responsibility of States, but with the active participation of others such as local authorities, nongovernmental organizations, the scientific community and the private sector. Regional and international communities, including the international financial institutio ns, the UN system and the International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (ISDR), are called on to provide an enabling environment and to support capacity development. The ISDR system undertakes international efforts to reduce disaster risk and includes Governments, intergovernmental and nongovernmental organizations, international financial institutions, scientific and technical bodies, as well as civil society. The Hyogo Framework calls for the following priority actions: Ensure that disaster risk reduction is a national and a local priority with a strong institutional basis for implementation. (Planning, budgeting and implementing risk reduction policies to avoid settlement in hazardous areas and to ensure that hospitals and schools are hazard resistant, for example) Identify, assess and monitor disaster risks and enhance early warning. (Knowing the risks and taking action involves identifying, assessing and monitoring disaster risk and enhancing early warning) Use knowledge, innovation and education to build a culture of safety and resilience at all levels. (Raising awareness and educating all, through school curricula and sectoral training for instance, to reduce vulnerability) Reduce the underlying risk factors. (Reducing communities vulnerability and risk in sectors through land-use zoning and building codes, by protecting ecosystems and natural defences, and developing insurance and microfinance initiatives) Strengthen disaster preparedness for effective response at all levels. (Being prepared and ready to act including by developing and testing contingency plans, establishing emergency funds and coordination systems) Results and Discussions Culture, nature, and economy factors of the CNE Model were considered in the formulation of the DRRM policies of the country. One of the policies explicitly state that the country will adopt a disaster risk reduction and management approach that is holistic, comprehensive, integrated, and proactive in lessening the socioeconomic and environmental impacts of disasters including climate change, and promote the involvement and participation of all sectors and all stakeholders concerned, at all levels, especially the local community. In relation to the culture/social, the law integrated this factor by upholding the peoples constitutional rights to life and property by addressing the root causes of vulnerabilities to disasters, and by adhering to and adopting the universal norms, principles and standards of humanitarian assistance and the global effort on risk reduction as concrete expression of the countrys commitment to overcome human sufferings due to recurring disasters. Furthermore, the law integrated the culture factor to the DRRM policies by mainstream disaster risk reduction into the peace process and conflict resolution approaches in order to minimize loss of lives and damage to property, and ensure that communities in conflict zones can immediately go back to their normal lives during periods of intermittent conflicts, ensuring that disaster risk reduction and climate change measures are gender responsive, sensitive to indigenous knowledge systems, and respectful of human rights, by developing and strengthening the capacities of vulnerable and marginalized groups to mitigate, prepare for, respond to, and recover from the effects of disasters, by providing maximum care, assistance and services to individuals and families affected by disaster, implement emergency rehabilitation projects to lessen the impact of disaster, and facilitate resumption of normal social and economic activities. The nature/environment factor on the other hand was the least integrated and considered in the DRRM policies. The only policy integrated this factor was mainstream disaster risk reduction and climate change in development processes such as policy formulation, socioeconomic development planning, budgeting, and governance, particularly in the areas of environment, agriculture, water, energy, health, education, poverty reduction, land-use and urban planning, and public infrastructure and housing, among others. In the ISDR, the nature/environment factor was highly integrated and considered to DRRM policy making. ISDR stated that nature degradation plays a big role to natural disaster occurrences and natural disasters have great impact to environment. Lastly, the economic factor was also integrated in the DRRM policies by incorporating internationally accepted principles of disaster risk management in the creation and implementation of national, regional and local sustainable development and poverty reduction strategies, policies, plans and budgets. Integrating economic factor to DRRM policies though in the country was not that highly considered. Unlike for developed countries were economy was highly considered. There had been no policies making the local economies resilient the effects of disasters. Conclusions and Recommendations In can be concluded from the study that the CNE factors of the CNE Model to sustainability were integrated in the DRRM policies in the country, however the country put little emphasis on the integration of the nature/environment and economy factors. The CNE Model to sustainability suggests that all the three factors should be considered in DRRM policy making in order to encompass all the aspects needed. Specifically, the nature/environment and economic considerations should be integrated and emphasized in DRRM policies. For instance, DRRM policies should set forth mechanisms that promote and enhance the resiliency of nature/environment and local economies to disasters. Invest in natural resource management, infrastructure development, livelihood generation and social protection to reduce vulnerability and strengthen the resilience of rural livelihoods. Protect and enhance ecosystem services through mechanisms such as protected area

The Hi-Tech Lynching of Celebrities and Politicians :: Essays Papers

The Hi-Tech Lynching of Celebrities and Politicians Lynching, which occurred most frequently in the southern states, resulted in the hanging, mutilation, and death of many blacks at the hands of a powerful white ruling class. While lynchings of this type have not occurred as frequently as in previous decades, it has morphed into a new form, a form that is arguably just as devastating. Instead of unjustly prosecuting blacks, this new form of lynching targets celebrities and politicians and media to accomplish what is commonly referred to as â€Å"hi-tech lynching†. The job of the media is to relay information to a general public. However, bias towards particular persons and issues as well as the desire to garner the most viewers, often results in deceit and misrepresentation. Over time, the media’s initial purpose and goal, to inform the masses, has been lost. In its place, a technology-based lynch mob has emerged, with the lives of celebrities and politicians at its mercy. An alleged late twentieth-century incident of high-tech lynching involved the case of politician, Clarence Thomas. Thomas, appointed to the Supreme Court by President George Bush in 1991, was at the center of media frenzy when law professor, Anita Hill, accused Thomas of sexual harassment. It was Thomas’s word against Hill and though Thomas was confirmed as an associate Supreme Court justice, the lasting implications of the scandal follow both him and Hill to this day Hi-tech lynching has even effected the â€Å"King of Pop,† Michael Jackson. The â€Å"policemen of the electronic age† have been involved in destroying the reputation of Jackson by playing video clips and interviews that mock his personal lifestyle (Koppersmith 1). Various networks feed on ratings, instead of the valued notions of morality. Michael Jackson’s case has become the example of guilty until proven innocent, even though we, as American citizens claim to value due process and equal representation under the law. Black Panther party member, Assata Shakur, is another instructive example of high-tech lynching. In 1973 police arrested Shakur, born JoAnne Chesimard, as an accomplice to the murder of a white state trooper. In her book, Assata: An Autobiography, Shakur chronicles the way she was â€Å"lynched† by the media before the murder trial had even begun: â€Å"Evelyn had brought some newspaper clippings and it was obvious the press was trying to railroad me, to make me seem like a monster.

Existing Good or Service Business Proposal

Existing Good or Service Business Proposal T. J. ‘s Corporation Business Plan Tresa Milton ECO 561 March 25, 2013 Dr. Guthlac Kirk Anyalezu T. J’s Corporation Business Plan T. J. ’s Corporation Business Plan In today society the development of technology, which are items that individual normally use being transferred into a different era. These are the items which, individual’s use every day newspapers, magazines, and now books has been supplementary to the technology world in the form of Kindle, Nook, eBook, or on CD's. T. J. s Corporation will produce a technology which, will take a book, which the corporation can use and scan it into an eBook along with an accurate synthetic voice for individuals to listen. However, T. J. ’s Corporation will show how the revenue will increase, determine the profit-maximizing quantity, and marginal revenue to maximize profit. Also T. J. ’s Corporation will analyze mix of pricing and non-pricing. T. J. â€⠄¢s Corporation will be looking for a location to work on the proposal and have the supplementary employee’s to help with transference of books to the digital format. T. J. s is currently working out of a small building and with the new proposal needs something bigger. Working in a small building puts the employees in the situation where he or she is working with little run to work. With the new location it will allow T. J. ’s Corporation to work on the new design and have the consumer’s product out faster. Assumptions and Market Structure Although other corporation have books out in eBook, the books are merely only accessible in the merchandise provided by that company. T. J. ’s Corporation merchandise consumers will have the option of reading the book quite or read along with the digital sound track.Since, T. J. ’s owns a patent on their technology their company is considered monopoly, because T. J. ’s is permitted the only business that i s selling this type of merchandise (McConnell, Brue, ; Flynn, 2013). Also there is an assumption that any employee which will be working in a month is about $300 based on sales. T. J. ’s Corporation has to generate another digitizer for their workers to have so more books can be downloaded quicker. Growth of Revenues TJ’s Corporation requires an improved marketing strategy for their digitized books this approach will allow sales to increase. If T.J. ’s changes the prices of their books their revenue will also increase. T. J. ’s Corporation is using a small website and on the sight the prices are as follow: $10 for books with failed copyright (old books), and $15 for books containing an copyright (new books). T. J. ’s Corporation sold 1,000 old books and 2,000 new books in the first six months. T. J. ’s did some research, found the new books could be brought for $5 charge and CD are $20 (R. L. Copple, 2013). With this information the company can rise their new books price to $18 to add a $3 profit and lower their older books to $7.The change in price could actually help boost the sales of the books because the older books are at a lower price which could increase revenues and the increase in price on the newer books will increase the profit. In addition, if Bury were to market his books to high school and college students there could be an increase of revenue. Bury would need to add text books to the books being digitized but if students have the option of listening to someone read the books the information might be easier for them to understand.The pricing on the books would have to be increased because of the actual price of the textbook and a higher copyright fee. The addition of the books would help to increase revenue and bring more traffic to his site for the other books. Profit maximizing Will Bury would need to look at his fixed costs (those costs that do not change the output) and the variable costs (costs that do change based on the level of output). Bury's variable costs are the five dollars for the copyrighted books that will help to expand his catalog and the costs associated with his website.This can be in the form of number of transactions or purchases and the fees associated from them. In addition, Bury will need to hire an assistant and the $40,000 that he pays will include taxes and benefits, the purchase of $14,000 in computer equipment to advance his technology, and $6,000 in advertising. This would be $60,000 a year or about $7,000 a month of fixed costs. Marginal costs and marginal revenue If there is an increase in output there will always be a raise in profit as long as marginal revenue is greater than marginal cost.There will always be a need for books to be digitized so there will always be one more unit of good to be produced and sold. There will always be new books being written and this means that there will be a constant need for books to be digitized. There will be m any choices for customers especially when new books are released. Pricing and non pricing There are many types of pricing that Bury could use and needs to take a look at all to see what would fit his business. Bury could offer single or multi unit pricing, quantity discounts, and any specials or discounts that he feels he could offer during holidays.Bury could offer promotional discounts as a way to increase revenue and bring in more customers. If Bury was to look at when book fairs or sales occur he could set up a table with information and computers for customers to purchase or look at his database. With non pricing the strategy is to make the price less of a factor with customer purchase and make product difference a greater factor (McConnell, Brue, & Flynn, 2009). Marketing research, new product development, and advertisement could be considered non pricing competition because Bury is trying to find ways to increase his sales. Barriers to entrySince, Bury's business is considere d a monopoly and is the only one with the technology then there should be no barriers. A barrier occurs when there are other companies that exist in the marketplace and have established patents that will make it difficult for the product being copied (McConnell, Brue, ; Flynn, 2009). Since, Bury does have a patent that means that he will out skill his competitors and with his new technology he will dominate his industry. With these barriers there could be a problem at the beginning but once the company is establish Bury wont have any problems. Product DifferentiationWill Bury's product is very different from what is out in the market because it is a digital and voice synthesized is more convenient than eBooks or books and CD's. With his product he offers customers a more convenient way to listen and read books in one place. In addition, for those avid readers the introduction of eBooks will allow for multiple books to be housed in one location. Minimized costs Mr. Bury will need to find ways to minimize his costs so he can increase his revenues. At the present time Mr. Bury will not be able to hire a full time assistant but once he has an established revenue then he can hire a full time assistant.Another way to save money would be to have his children or wife help with digitizing the book. In addition, if Bury was willing to train and work with high school and college students he can have multiple people to work part time and can have the books digitized faster. This means that he can increase his catalog of books fast and he will be able to offer more books for his customers. Conclusion At present, Mr. Bury has many options available to him that he can implement to have a successful business. The main item that he has to consider is the price, cost, and the manufacture level for creating the digital books. Mr.Bury has done a great job of identifying the costs associated with copyrighted material and the price that he would want to sell his books. One item tha t he would want to consider is the fact that he could change the price of the old and new books to increase his revenue and he can look to see if could lower the price that he pays for the royalty of the book. Currently the market is small and with Mr. Bury being a monopoly with his patented technology, he can really expand his market. The one item the Mr. Bury has to watch is the economy and has to remember that he has to stay on top of the competition. References Copple, R. 2012). How do ebooks cost. Retrieved from http://graspingforthewind. com McConnell, C. R. , Brue, L. S. , ; Flynn, S. M. (2009). Economics: Principles, Problems, and Policies (18th ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Company. New Good or service business proposal  This assignment focuses on introduction of a new product in the existent line of business and explains the method for development of goods for generating more revenue. The concepts of elasticity of demands, market structures in addition to profit maxi maximizing techniques are also discussed which are helpful for the good and also to counter the barriers

Improving Hospitality Industry Talents in Macau

Improving Hospitality Industry Talents in Macaw Introduction With the development of the Macaw economy, the local market requires more labor to satisfy its demand. However, Macaw's human resource distribution is not balanced especially for local professionals in the hospitality industry. Although the unemployment rate in Macaw has been around 2% during recent years, improving the whole professional level is the most important thing for the long term. (Government of Macaw Special Administrative Region, 2013) According to statistics, here is around 130 thousand non-local people work in Macaw in 2013.Since the booming development of the hospitality industry, there is no doubt that Macaw needs more qualified personnel in the future. Career Times has reports that â€Å"As business booms, the shortage of qualified personnel is becoming more acute and employers are starting to worry. † (2006) Therefore, it is essential that Macaw cultivates more hospitality industry talents in order to have a stable and sustainable development. This project proposal presents 3 recommendations to improve hospitality industry talents in Macaw.Problem Statement In the ideal situation, Macaw would have an effective and efficient educational system, cultivating sufficient professional talents to develop and maintain this city. In recent years, with the flourishing hospitality industry, Macaw needs more and more professional talents to manage the whole market. However, due to the defective educational system, the younger generations are not qualified professional. But in order to increase economic efficiency, the government has to hire more and more non-local people to meet the requirement.It is obvious that this situation threatens coal people's opportunity, livelihood and their developments even it will sharpen contradiction According to Macaw daily news (201 1), hotel and restaurant industries still have 5000 Job vacancies. Imbalance has occurred in the talents structure which als o drags on the development speed of Macaw's economy. Therefore, Macaw government should pay more attention to improve the Educational system, allocate the educational resource reasonably to improve the overall quality of local people especially for improving hospitality industry talents to manage this industry and push it too new high.Literature Review As the saying goes â€Å"Teachers are engineers of human souls†. Therefore, in order to improve educational quality, we need to attach great importance to a highly educated and trained workforce. (Corker, n. D. ) As mayor of Chattanooga in U. S. A, Mr.. Corker tried to hire the best teacher to the low performance school by providing extract bonus. (Improving Education in America, n. D. , Para 3) Finally, he have really great reward through this measure, the low-performance schools have better achievement than other school.In addition, he also supports the scholarship to help over housing Tennessee students afford their universi ty and reduce the loan interest. (Improving Education in America, n. D. , Para 5) Mr.. Corker's movement not only could increase the national talent quality, but also it could help the younger generation reach dreams. The United Kingdom has their own way to cultivate talents. Although their population is only 1 percentage of the world, they have issue 8 percentage of research paper to the world. Besides, Cambridge University cultivated around 60 Nobel Prize winners. Is, 2004) The reason why U. K has a strong educational system to cultivate lots of Allen's is they mainly focus on cultivate understanding in students. Not only are the educator imparts knowledge, but they pay attention on students' capacity for independent thinking and creative intelligence. Furthermore, they have a great educational tradition that Oxford University and Cambridge University have courses cross-training for broadening students' horizon. It is very important that they have those characteristic to face vari ous challenge of future lives.After the Second World War, Japan hospitality industry gradually became one of the most speeding expanding industries. Their service and management become more denaturized and scientific which approved by customers from all over the world. (L', 2010, Para 2) There is no doubt that their achievement and their education are inseparable. According to Lie, whatever Japanese colleges or training school, they all keep closed contact with the hospitality industry to get the newest information about this industry. (Para. 5) It is a wise measure to formulate the education plan to cultivate professional talents.Moreover, not only do they focus on the quality of education, but also emphasize the professional atmosphere, practical training and language skill to enhance the whole quality (Para 8) As is known to all, details determine success or failure, Japan apparently have cultivated lots of hospitality industry talents to strengthen their competitiveness in the w orld. Proposed Solutions It is recommended that the Macaw government pay an attention in hospitality industry training to enhance occupational temperament. As is known to all that Macaw has only two hospitality institutes which are I.F. T and M. IS. S. T. , not only could we focus on the professional knowledge, but also we are supposed to emphasize students' professional behavior. Since employees need to deal with human beings in this industry, so we could provide the etiquette class, social skill class languages class, world culture class as compulsory course to make students become more qualified. In addition, institutes are supposed to keep in touch with the industry in order to update the newest information to formulate the teaching plan.It is both important for students and the industry to improve the whole quality services. It is recommended that the Macaw government attach great importance to educator. It is known to all that educators are very significant to students to impr ove the whole educational quality, the government could measure a plan to reward educator, providing teaching bonus, housing allowance, traffic allowance, traveling allowance and so on to and attract and motivate educators.Paying more attention on education atmosphere, let educator and student get along with harmony to enhance the quality of education and get positive results. It is recommended that the Macaw government could extend the scholarship limitation and lower the loan interest to let student get further education. It is known to all that the higher education is not cheap at all so that some student would drop he class due to the expensive fee, and the limitation of scholarship strict. Therefore, the government could offer more scholarship quota to the student and lower loan interest to reduce their pressure.Government should provide financial support to let those who pursue studies could afford their course.

The goal of the design essay is for you to reflect Essays - Design

The goal of the design essay is for you to reflect Essays - Design The goal of the design essay is for you to reflect on what you learned about design during the first half of the semester. I would like to see specific learning that you experienced. You can focus on particular designtools, design process and design concepts that you learned; or you can focus on specific changes in your attitudes or behaviors vis-a-vis design and innovation. You are encouraged to bring specific examples that illustrates those learnings, and draw from the readings and discussion points that we had in the class in illustrating your points. You are also encouraged to include 1 - 2 visual elements, if necessary, to support your points. However, it is an essay, not a visual presentation. The length of the essay is no more than 2 pages (single space, 1-inch margin all around, 11-point font). Your name should be included in the header. I will set up a page on Canvas so that you can directly submit your work through Canvas. The essay that clearly articulates (a) the nature and the substance of concepts that you learned and (b) how they changed you (before and after) will receive high grades. WHAT IS DESIGN Combination of form, function matter to render service Products are conduits of delivering service. Users always co-create VALUE with the producers. value comes from meeting unmet needs there are only few basic human needs Design is to induce people do what you want them to do in your absence, through understanding people and tools. Leadership is to influence people do what you want them to do in your absence, through available means. analysis: the separating of any material or abstract entity into its constituent elements ( opposed to synthesis) synthesis: the combining of the constituent elements of separate material or abstract entities into a single or unified entity (opposed to analysis) PROCESS OVERVIW: 1.TELL UR STORY TAKE NOTES, ISLOATE IDEAS, PUT ON WALL, IDENTIFY PATTERN, "BUSINESS DESIGN is a human-centred approach to creative problem solving. It applies design methods and mindsets to business challenges. It can be effectively used to help better understand customers, create new experiences and design innovative business strategies and models." SYMBOL THING ACTION IDEA

Think Personal Development is Optional Think Again

Think Personal Development is Optional Think Again Many of my blog articles are about topics that might fall under â€Å"personal development.† These articles are often my favorites to write, and yet there’s sometimes a voice in my head saying, â€Å"Brenda, your readers want to read about something practical! Don’t go overboard here or get too â€Å"woo-woo.† An article I read today gave me encouragement to keep writing these â€Å"self-growth† or â€Å"personal development† articles. August Turak, author of Business Secrets of the Trappist Monks, wrote a piece for Forbes that spoke to me strongly. In it, he lamented that the business world and much of society compartmentalizes personal growth as if it’s something we do on the side to get somewhere or get business results- including becoming a better leader. On the contrary! Turuk argues vehemently that the essence of leadership is to use every opportunity as a means for personal growth. Become a CEO to grow yourself rather than growing yourself so you can get that CEO position. Focus on your higher mission or spiritual development- and success in other aspects of life will be a natural by-product. He asserts, â€Å"The reason you were born is to become the best human being you can possibly be.† So make personal development your mission, rather than using it as a â€Å"means to a more limited end.† Turak holds up the example of Fyodor Dostoevsky, who wrote some of the world’s most classic Russian novels. Said Dostoevsky, â€Å"Man is a mystery. If you spend your entire life trying to puzzle it out do not say that you’ve wasted your time. I occupy myself with this mystery because I want to be a man.† I personally must cop to doing personal growth trainings in part so I will succeed in business, in relationships, in my health, and in every aspect of my life. I have also done what Turak advocates so strongly: taken on new ventures and new relationships with the intention of having those challenges contribute to my growth. Even within my personal development circles, such as my learning group with the Wright training I’m in right now, I take risks and stretch myself in every way I can. That is the fastest path to growth and to being a fully realized human being. This journey is never over, and the puzzle will never be solved. That’s what makes it so worthwhile, regardless of whether I become as successful in business as the Trappist monks. I, for one, intend to keep exploring the mystery. Category:For ClientsBy Brenda BernsteinJanuary 20, 2014

Capitalization †What and When

Capitalization – What and When Capitalization – What and When? Knowing which words to capitalize can be a tricky business since there are dozens of conventions governing these things, so nobody should feel bad about having to seek expert advice in this regard. There are a few general tips you can follow here – most importantly, always check the relevant style guide and aim for consistent capitalization throughout your paper – but knowing when to capitalize is largely a matter of experience. Here are a few examples to keep in mind. The First Word in a Sentence Every time you begin a new sentence, it should start with a capital letter. This even applies to quotations in the middle of a sentence, as long as the quoted text is itself a complete sentence (e.g., â€Å"My friend said, ‘The movie Charlie’s Angels is the greatest work of art in history,’ but I disagreed with him.†). Titles of Works As the above example demonstrates via Charlie’s Angels, capitalization is required is when writing out a title. This applies both to titles of published works (articles, magazines, books, movies, etc.) and your own academic papers. It’s worth checking your style guide here, as institutions differ regarding whether you should capitalize all of the important words in a title or just the first word in the title and subtitle. The First Person Pronoun The first person pronoun â€Å"I† should always be capitalized, as should contractions incorporating â€Å"I† (e.g., â€Å"I’m,† â€Å"I’ve† and â€Å"I’ll†). Other pronouns (â€Å"we,† â€Å"you,† etc.) are usually only capitalized at the beginning of a sentence. Proper Nouns Proper nouns are words that name unique entities. So while the noun â€Å"egomaniac† applies to many of Hollywood’s leading lights, the proper noun â€Å"McG† refers uniquely to the director of movies like Charlie’s Angels and Charlie’s Angels: Full Throttle. All proper nouns, including McG, Cameron Diaz and Columbia Pictures, begin with a capital letter. Non-Charlie’s Angels related examples of proper nouns include: Personal names (e.g., Abraham Lincoln) Brand names and companies (e.g., Microsoft, Coca-Cola) Geographical features and locations (e.g., the Grand Canyon, Quebec) Languages and words related to nationality (e.g., Englishman, Spanish, Canadian) Months and days of the week (e.g., Tuesday, October) but not seasons (spring, summer, etc.) Special dates and events (e.g., New Year’s Day, the Olympic Games) Planets (e.g., Mars, Jupiter); however, while â€Å"Earth† the planet is capitalized, when referring to the ground or soil, the word â€Å"earth† is not Please note that this is far from an exhaustive list of proper nouns, so remember to check a dictionary if you’re not sure about any particular word. Other Capitalizations There are a few other cases when it’s important to capitalize your words, including: Titles (e.g., Ms., Mr., Dr.) Acronyms (e.g., NASA, FBI) Reverential capitalization: i.e., the use of a capital letter as a mark of respect, such as when â€Å"God† is capitalized in writing about Christianity; this is also why some job titles are capitalized when preceding a name (e.g., â€Å"President Barack Obama†).

Organizational Theories Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Organizational Theories - Essay Example In this case, managing organizational change entails planning and implementing change throughout the organization in order to minimize organizational costs and employee resistance in the organization (Cummings & Worley, 2009). Environmental uncertainty in the organization entails the degree to which the company is related to different environmental forces that the company has to deal with including the suppliers, customers and technology (Daft, Murphy, & Willmott, 2010). Uncertainty in the organization applies to predictable future events especially to physical measurements, which are already established in the organizational environment. Uncertainty tends to arise in stochastic or observable organizational environments or due to organizational ignorance. Dealing with uncertainty calls for managers to put in strategies that see to it that they are dealt with them when occur, and this prevents stalling of processes. Organizational design/change tends to generate uncertainties in the organizational environments. In most cases, complicated organizational framework through which the organization manages to realize its main qualities may end up creating complexities in the organizational environments. In simple terms, organizational changes and design lead to ambiguity in working environments (Daft, Murphy, & Willmott, 2010). Managing change and design in the organization perhaps remains the biggest challenge, which organizational managers face in most organizations today. Staying competitive in most markets would require that the organization remain open and adaptable to change. Therefore, organizational changes in this case would mean new processes and designs in the organization. Alternatively, it would mean keeping employees motivated, maintaining market demands and being open to organizational changes. In most cases, these aspects may create uncertainties in any working environment especially when the

METHODS OF RESEARCH Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

METHODS OF RESEARCH - Assignment Example Answer to Question 5: Non-parametric methods make fewer assumptions; this shows why their applicability is more than the other parametric methods. They can be used in situations in which the purpose being researched has little information (Kothari, 2005). Answer to Question 7: The teacher will use inferential  statistical procedures. This means that the teacher will collect some students from each group and use them as a sample for the study and not necessarily the whole group (Kothari, 2005). The discussion also allows the researcher speculates on what he or she thinks the data is stating. In the method and results sections of the research, the presentation is limited to the project. In the Discussion part, the researcher makes what is like a conversation with the reader about the ideas. Critical research consumers read about and understand investigations on research. They determine of how much value the obtained data is. They also determine how adequate the research design is and if any other explanation exists for the obtained results. They also assess how adequate the conclusions

Class Project Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Class Project - Coursework Example Also there were no occluded fronts observed in these three days in the western America although warm and cold fronts are approaching each other. Reason behind this weather description is the presence of long range rocky mountains which help in reducing abrupt changes inn air pressure. The yellow lines are showing the air currents with temperature approximately equal to 15 degree Celsius; it means the weather is relatively cold in these areas. Here is the pictorial view of the time series graphs of meteorological data taken from BNO weather station, for three consecutive days. The plotted graphs clearly show the trends of relative humidity, dew and temperature against time. These synoptic maps clearly show the presence of occluded fronts in the eastern part of the United stated as they are relatively plain regions. These occluded fronts are responsible of hurricanes and tornadoes being observed in plain areas. These graphs show extremely interesting trends of precipitation in the BNO region. In all three days at noon relative humidity was increased to a maximum level. And during night times humidity was reduced to a minimum level. Also the temperature was much higher during night times and when the humidity was raised during day, temperature shows an interesting trend and drops to a minimum level, whereas, dew was having average trends throughout the

Obesity and hormonal imbalance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Obesity and hormonal imbalance - Essay Example Heredity and age-related changes are among them, but, perhaps, hormonal violations are at the top of this list (Bray &York, 1997). Hormonal failure is the manifestation of the hormonal violations, which are available in an organism and can be caused by various reasons. Thus, hormonal failure influences not only the state of reproductive system of a woman, but also can cause deterioration of her physical and emotional health. Hormonal failure can be expressed as violation of a menstrual cycle or manifestation of a climacteric syndrome. Violation of hormonal balance can affect the course of pregnancy and childbirth causing serious problems in certain cases â€Å"Obesity is associated with multiple alterations in the endocrine system, including abnormal circulating blood hormone concentrations, which can be due to changes in the pattern of their secretion and/or metabolism, altered hormone transport and/or action at the level of target tissues. In recent years a great stimulus in both basic and clinical research has, on one hand, produced a great deal of knowledge on the pathophysiology of obesity, and, on the ot her, led to the discovery of new hormones† (Pasquali and Vicennati, 2001, p. 225). Physicians have studied this question for long and came to the conclusion that fluctuations of level of some hormones in an organism directly influence weight. Hormones are biologically active agents, which participate in many vital processes, including development, growth and metabolism. â€Å"No matter how an imbalance manifests on the outside, the internal reality remains the same—any and all hormonal imbalance leads to difficulty losing weight and increased risk of obesity. Unfortunately, the most common imbalances cannot be solved by dieting alone. In fact, they can prevent successful fat loss, even when great diet and exercise plans are in place† (Turner, 2015). The thyroid gland, liver, adrenal glands and other bodies are responsible for their development and

National Curriculum in Schools in England Essay

National Curriculum in Schools in England - Essay Example From this study it is clear that a curriculum should not burden the leaners by ensuring that the developers constitute the most appropriate concepts for every stage of the learning process thereby guaranteeing optimum learning. This requires the consideration of such pertinent features of the learner as their age and the knowledge gap. Additionally, an effective curriculum introduces concepts progressively thereby ensuring that the learner understands each concept at the most appropriate age. Besides the development of the concepts for the learner, curriculums manage the teachers. According to the paper a curriculum must consider and set feature requirements for the teacher thereby ensuring that only the most effective teachers impart the knowledge in the learners. A curriculum therefore advises the teachers on the best earning aids for every learning stage and the mode of teaching to ensure a productive system. Additionally, curriculums should always reflect the state of the society within which it is applied in a number of ways, the knowledge in the curriculum must have direct relevance with the environment within which it is used. This implies that the curriculum must envision the knowledge growth through time. An effective curriculum therefore has a period lapse within which it is reviewed. In the United Kingdom, the period is four years a time within which the developers remove certain aspects of the curriculum and replacing them with new concepts.  

Federal Protective Service (FPS) Research Paper

Federal Protective Service (FPS) - Research Paper Example Today, the question that remains is whether the DHS has served its role by ensuring high security standards, or if it has failed to perform its role as a security body (Haulley, 2005). The Federal Protective Services (FPS) is under the DHS, and serves the purpose of providing security and services of law enforcement to the federal buildings, property, facilities, and other state assets. In order to serve this purpose, FPS has a mission statement that emphasizes their purpose and objectives, which are mainly concerned with security. FPS has therefore, employed close to 1,300 employees. These comprise of police officers, criminal investigators, support personnel, and law enforcement security officers. In addition, FPS has contracted approximately 15,000 security guards, who are in charge of the security of more than 9,000 buildings and their occupants (Haulley, 2005). In order to offer protection and security to federal facilities and personnel, FPS employs a variety of security measur es, found in its physical security program. These include installation of magnetometers, alarm systems, as well as entry control systems, which are operational in federal buildings every day. In addition, the FPS provides uniformed police response to security concerns, and provides follow-ups on such concerns through further investigations. Different seminars on crime prevention are offered to a variety of agencies by the FPS, depending on their organizational needs. FPS has hoped that all these will propel it to becoming a world-class security agency (Goldstein, 2009). In providing buildings security and protection of other critical infrastructure, the FPS uses strategies that enable detection, deterrence, disruption, and investigation of threats using authorities concerned with law enforcement. Additionally, FPS mainly relies on its risk management program, which is supposed to be set to the standards of Interagency Security Committee and the National Infrastructure Protection Pla n. Additionally, FPS ensures effective communication and coordination among its law enforcement personnel, by using the MegaCenter, its central communication point (Goldstein, 2009). Although the FPS works to ensure the security of federal buildings, it has not come up with comprehensive measures to address the security concerns in these buildings. For instance, the software FPS has adopted for security inspections is ineffective in achieving high security standards. The Modified Infrastructure Survey Tool (Mist) is a security software that FPS used to inspect federal buildings and expose any security threats. This included simplistic tests, which were then uploaded in a centralized database, after recommendations from the software. This software was unreliable, as it did not allow for comparison of security risks, between different federal buildings. Additionally, this software cannot address terrorism threats, since it lacks the capability to factor their potential consequences (G oldstein, 2009). Apart from Mist, the FPS developed another system called the Risk Assessment and Management Program (Ramp), which would be used to test federal buildings for security threats, but equally failed. In its initial use, this software caused the mysterious loss of recorded inspections from its database. In addition, ramp could not connect to its servers in remote areas. Therefore, the inspectors lacked a way of ensuring that the

National Curriculum in Schools in England Essay

National Curriculum in Schools in England - Essay Example From this study it is clear that a curriculum should not burden the leaners by ensuring that the developers constitute the most appropriate concepts for every stage of the learning process thereby guaranteeing optimum learning. This requires the consideration of such pertinent features of the learner as their age and the knowledge gap. Additionally, an effective curriculum introduces concepts progressively thereby ensuring that the learner understands each concept at the most appropriate age. Besides the development of the concepts for the learner, curriculums manage the teachers. According to the paper a curriculum must consider and set feature requirements for the teacher thereby ensuring that only the most effective teachers impart the knowledge in the learners. A curriculum therefore advises the teachers on the best earning aids for every learning stage and the mode of teaching to ensure a productive system. Additionally, curriculums should always reflect the state of the society within which it is applied in a number of ways, the knowledge in the curriculum must have direct relevance with the environment within which it is used. This implies that the curriculum must envision the knowledge growth through time. An effective curriculum therefore has a period lapse within which it is reviewed. In the United Kingdom, the period is four years a time within which the developers remove certain aspects of the curriculum and replacing them with new concepts.  

Joint Venture Essay Example for Free

Joint Venture Essay Joint Venture is a basically a mutual agreement between two companies or more to work together towards achieving a common aim, which is usually economic progress. To attain this goal, the members of the joint venture invest expertise, capital, time and equity to form a separate entity. The terms and conditions of the joint venture are bound by an agreement. One of the reasons behind joint ventures is to spread and share risks as well as expenses. For example, when an organization in one country wants to expand its business in another country, it signs up a joint venture with a local company in that country to gain regional expertise and marketing trends. This would give a company a competitive edge in reaching the market quicker than its competitors. It would also lend strategic advantages like diversification of knowledge, manpower and technologies. For instance, companies in the oil and gas industry sector usually enter into such agreements in foreign countries to market, distribute and sell their product. A joint venture can be an ideal solution in cases when two companies need each other’s expertise. In some cases, a joint venture can help bring companies dealing with products and services that compliment each other. For, instance Hardware company and Software company can enter into a joint venture to innovate a new product. Sony Ericsson is a good example of this kind of a joint venture (â€Å"Joint Venture†, 2006). But, in recent times, limited liability company (LLC) is being preferred over joint venture as a business ownership model in America, mainly due to the lower tax deduction. Moreover, LLC s almost offer all the features offered by a Joint venture. Reference: Wikipedia. (2006, July). Joint Venture. Retrieved 2006, July 30, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Joint_Venture.

Horse And Rider Archetypes In Canterbury Tales English Literature Essay

Horse And Rider Archetypes In Canterbury Tales English Literature Essay Several works have brought about various The Canterbury Tales aspects. However, only a few of these works have recognized and given credit to the horses which are one of the characters mentioned by Chaucer. The aim of this essay is to try to bring out the significance of these characters which often go unnoticed thereby remaining neglected. The realization of these characters assists in filling an important fissure in the comprehending as well as appreciating the great work of Chaucer. The main purpose of this essay is to illustrate that Chaucer made the choice of mentioning pilgrims horses not only for the sake of aesthetic detail but for figurative alongside actual narrative purposes as well. The horses bring out more information concerning the pilgrims dressing manners in addition to physical features. As the horses act as an indication of the pilgrims social condition, they in addition give a hint on the moral character of a certain character. Even though the appearance of horses in the whole of The Canterbury Tales is minimal; they make a provision for one to draw an insight on the Chaucers vivid menagerie. In the Canterbury Tales; Chaucer has made reference to the horse for a number of times. In an approximation he has actually mentioned them for more than hundred and fifty times. Particularly, these solid references are mostly either proverbial terminologies or images which give reflections on the horses common notions thus giving an illustration of the relationship between characters in respect to their animal qualities, passions alongside stately status. It comes as no surprise to have Chaucers travelers mounted as pilgrims usually used the horses during pilgrimages. Nevertheless, Chaucer oddly makes a specification of eight pilgrim mounts, that is; Baths wife took her ride on an ambler, the Plowman rode a mare, and the palfrey was for the Monk while the reeve rode a stot. Though Chaucer maintains that the horses are simply normal animals helpful to man, he could not have given such a detailed description if that was the only reason he used them. Most likely, Chaucer used the horse archetypes so as to make an illustration; though subtly, of the pilgrims rank within the society alongside the individuals real moral character. For example, Chaucer allocates the mare to the Plowman which is a low class mount meant only for the most poor people in society. However, as the Plowman meekly acknowledges his personal social status, he rides the mare happily and thereby embodies a morality level of high standards because he never pretends to be what he is actually not. As a careful craftsman, Chaucer seems to possess a particular use for each detail, together with the pilgrims horses description. People such as Beryl Rowland have alleged that the mount mostly gave reflection of a riders disposition. Actually, the horse type allocated to every pilgrim tends to give a hint on various character traits. Seventeen pilgrims have in a certain time been defined relative to their individual horses; some of them in just one or two lines while others such as the Monk alongside the Canon in substantial detail. On top of the overall prologue, Chaucer has also mentioned horses within a number of the individual tales themselves, with the Reeves Tale having the greatest number of horses mention. For instance, Bayard, a slack horse, has been used within Reeves Tale to give a depiction of the clerks as well as the millers status, nature, freedom and their sexual desires. Amongst the core Canterbury Tales attractions is Chaucers capability to bring out his characters uniquely as well as universally (Chaucer 109). Even though each pilgrim turns out as a unique stranger, he or she possesses a great deal of appeal to the audience as within every pilgrim lay specific fundamental human aspects. These human aspects seem to reveal Chaucers lively characters cast together, although what remains more appealing is their peculiarity and oddness: By the means of individual characterization, Chaucer develops a human, all mans image. Certain mount types have been used to illustrate the pilgrims nature whereas characters equestrian habits bring out, mostly more effectively, the inner nature of the pilgrims. Chaucer definitely introduces characters oblique moral judgement on the basis of their individual riding habits. For instance, Chaucer portrays the Squire as a young, passionate man who is Cuteisà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦., lowly, and Servyable ( Chaucer 99). Which fits the Wel koudeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.sitte on hors and faire ryde line (94). By stating that it would have been not understandable to have the handsome, worthy honorable Knights son ride clumsily on his steed, Chaucer brings out Squires equestrian abilities. In accordance to the social conventions of a young man of his class Chaucers Squire assimilates the archetype as all squires were considered as proficient in horsemanship. Chaucer applies furthe r rider archetypes to the Clerk as well as Merchant. The Merchant is shown as one who talks his resonsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.ful solemnly (Chaucer 274) as well as utilizes wel his bisette (279) rightfully rides hye on [his] horse (Chaucer 271). Similarly the reserved clerk, rides coy and stille as doth a maydeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦new espoused (1-2) fittingly puts across how pilgrims moral alongside personal nature is reflected by their riding ability. Chaucer initially conducts an examination of the Knight together with his son; Squire who are his most noble plus aristocratic characters before describing the pilgrims in detail which assists in the better understanding of the horses effect in the medieval society status. Chaucers Knight appropriately takes after the Knights archetype as just like most of the other knights, fights for aristocracy membership. Ful worthy was he in his lordes were (Chaucer 47). In overall, certain pilgrims mounts contribute to the tales realism in addition to subtle and thereby Chaucer actually had a purpose by using them. Work Cited Chaucer Geoffrey. (1775). Canterbury Tales. London, U.K: Mews-gate press

Capital Punishment Should Remain Legal Essay -- Pro-Death Penalty Essa

I am going to argue that capital punishment is a morally and logically justifiable punishment for criminals. I will demonstrate this by showing how the logic behind not having the death penalty is invalid. I will also present examples that will defend my argument. I will then present counterarguments and their implications. The death penalty in the United States is a contested subject, and even recently it has been voted to be unconstitutional by some states. Currently there are many states that still have the death penalty, though many have not executed anyone in recent years. Outside of the United States the issue is also split, with many countries recently eliminating the death penalty. Crimes that usually receive the death penalty as punishment usually involve being directly involved with the death of another person. Though the majority of the United States still is in favor of capital punishment, there exists a large and growing minority that believes that the death penalty is an immoral punishment to use against another human being. The opposition to capital punishment often uses the logic that even though this person has committed a horrible crime that they still deserve the right to life, that it is something that does not have a right to be taken away. This argument is flawed based on the fact that lives are often saved because of the death penalty on a larger scale. Though there is the loss of the criminal’s life when he is executed, if he were to receive a normal punishment and go to prison, he may eventually be able to get out and commit more crimes again. Capital punishment is usually only sentenced when the prosecution feels that the crime is so unjust that there is no other recourse but the death ... ...an effective deterrent to crime as it is meant to be. Some opponents of capital punishment point to the fact that capital punishment is rarely used in comparison to the amount of actual murder convictions. The logic behind this claim seems to be at fault. This is especially noticed when considering that many of the opponents of capital punishment believe life to be the most important thing that one can have, that it is a basic right bestowed to everyone. Logically, wouldn’t threatening to remove the most important thing in somebody’s life serve as deterrence to committing such a crime? This counterargument is shown to be invalid on this basis. After considering counterarguments and presenting my arguments against them I feel I have presented sufficient information to support my claim that capital punishment is a logical and moral practice when used reasonably.

Conflict between Hindus and Muslims :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  India is the center of a very serious problem in the world today. It’s a very diverse place with people from many different religious backgrounds, who speak many different languages and come from many different regions. They are also separated economically. Two of the country’s religious sects, Muslims and Hindus, have been in conflict for hundreds of years. Their feelings of mistrust and hatred for each other are embedded in all those years and will not leave easily. What’s most disturbing is that there seems to be no plan for reconciliation available. There are numerous reasons for this conflict.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Power struggles amongst the two groups are ever present and each group thinks the other is out to get them. Hindus comprise the majority of the population of India at eighty percent while Muslims are a minority, making up only fourteen percent, which is a problem in itself. The feeling of being dominated by the majority comes from being a part of the minority. To complicate things even more is the controversy that surrounds Ayodhya, a holy place in Gujarat claimed by both groups. The Babri Masjid, a Muslim temple in Ayodhya was burned to the ground by Hindu extremists in 1992 and caused a wave of violence that resulted in the loss of over two thousand lives. These Hindu extremists believe the temple rests on the birthplace of Ram, one of the Hinduism’s most revered deities. They want a temple built on the site to commemorate Ram’s birth. Muslims in turn want the Babri Masjid rebuilt in the same spot. Neither side wants to give in and are currently fi ghting on.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The most threatening conflict between Hindus and Muslims is the province of Kashmir. This is where the decision to divide India into India and Pakistan seems to have been a terrible mistake. Kashmir, which is the only Muslim majority city in India, lies between the divided India and Pakistan. After India’s independence in the 1940’s, Kashmir had to choose to either unite with India or Pakistan. The Prince of Kashmir chose India but Pakistan invaded the province soon after and have occupied part of Kashmir since then. Controversy still surrounds the province today because naturally, Muslims want to control it. While many Muslims relocated to Pakistan and the Hindus to India, half of the Muslim population was left in India and their relations did not improve after being partially separated.

The Middle East Conflict

The Middle East Conflict Will Israel Ever be Able to Exist in Peace? The Middle East Conflict Will Israel Ever be Able to Exist in Peace? From the day Israel declared itself an independent nation, neighboring countries and terrorists has routinely attacked it. The history of Israel and the conflict between the Jewish state and its Arab neighbors is long and complex. To begin to understand the root of the violence, one must first know the history of the creation of the state of Israel.Some of the major questions that have to be asked to understand the conflict and whether or not there can truly be peace include the following: 1. How was Israel created 2. What has caused the tension in the Middle East 3. What role does the International community play on the Middle East conflict How Was Israel Created After the First World War, the defeated Ottoman Empire was divided amongst Britain, France, and Italy. The British mandate included Transjordan and Palestine, though this was the first ti me the name Palestine had ever been used.Britain’s main role was to implement the Balfour Declaration, which stated the â€Å"Majesty’s Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object† (Hurewitz, 1979, p. 101 – 106). The Arabs were originally given 80 percent of the British Mandate, now known as Jordan. During World War II, Britain refused to allow European Jews, who were attempting to escape the Nazis, entry into the British Mandate. Instead, they were either sent to the African nation of Mauritius or sent to detention camps (Lenk, 1991, p. 2). Even, after World War II, Britain wanted to severely restrict the flow of Jewish immigrants from Europe to Palestine. Finally, Britain announced their desire to end their mandate of the territory by May 1948 and they turned the problems regarding the division of the land to the Unite d Nations. The United Nations came up with several plans. The one that was voted on and passed 33 to 13 was UN Resolution 181, which divided the remaining portion of the British Mandate into two independent states with Jerusalem falling underInternational control (United Nations, 1947, p. 132 – 133). The UN resolution gave the half of the remaining 20 percent of the original mandate to the Arabs. Israel declared itself an independent state on the 14th. It was immediately recognized by the United State, the Soviet Union, and many other nations. However, the Arab world refused to recognize Israel and over the next several days Arab forces from Egypt, Syria, Transjordan, Lebanon, and Iraq invaded Israel (Anti Defamation League, 1999).Israel defeated all of the invading countries and starting with Egypt in February 1949, they all began to sign armistice agreements with Israel. Israel gained an additional 8 percent of the original mandate after the war. The Gaza strip went to Egyp t and the West Bank to Transjordan. The United Nations Conciliation Commission estimated there were approximately 711000 Palestine refugees as a result of the 1948 War (1950). However, Jordan was the only Arab country who would accept them and allow the to travel outside of UN refugee camps (Bard, 2008).What Has Led To The Current Tensions? After the initial 1948-49 War, many Arabs in Israel choose to try and leave the country and flee to other surrounding Arab nations. However, since Jordan was the only country willing to accept them as citizens, major resentment built up towards the Jews. Again, in 1967 Egypt and Jordan invaded Israel in another attempt to wipe Israel of the map. This war lead to the annexation of the West Bank, the Gaza strip and the Suez Canal into the hands of the Jewish state resulting in even more Palestinian refugees.Once more, resentment continued to build against Israel. The irony of the situation is the Palestinians have had land and they have had opportu nities for their own country, yet the Arabs in the region were not content with the land they already had and continued the violence towards Israel creating the refugee problem. As more and more Palestinians are displaced, the blame is put on Israel for not doing enough to help out the Palestinians and help them make permanent homes. Yet, at the same time no other Arab nation will take the time to help the Palestinians.Instead they use them in an effort to obtain their own goal of a complete annihilation of the Jewish State. Iran, for example, helps to fund and support Hamas and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad, both of which are terrorist organizations. This outside influence adds more to the already tense situation in Israel. Another factor that has led to the hostilities was the creation of a Jewish state in a predominately Muslim region of the world. The Muslims see Israel and Jerusalem, the third holiest Muslim city, as belonging to them.On the other hand the Jewish people biblica lly have the same believe about Israel and Jerusalem belonging to them. Both groups were given the legal permission via international law that provided both groups with land in the area. While the Israelis were content with the land they were given, the Palestinians were not, thus, the start of the 1948-49 war. When the other Arab nations attacked Israel, they violated international law and started a war of aggression. Since they were defeated, International law says all land captured from the aggressive armies is to remain in the hands of the country that was attacked.The Palestinians saw this as though Israel were stealing their homeland. However, by refusing to accept the UN’s partition plan, they gave up any right they had to the land. Though the rhetoric that these Palestinian areas are being occupied illegally by Israel helps to fuel the violence between the two groups. What is the International Community’s Role be in Trying to Ensure Peace in the Region? The Uni ted Nations was directly responsible for the creation of the state of Israel, as was noted earlier.Therefore it is partly the responsibility of the UN to help ensure peace. The problem right now is violence is not condemned on both sides of the conflict. When a Palestinian terrorist walked into a Jerusalem seminary and 8 rabbinical students, the United Nations could not pass a condemnation of the attack (Heilprin, 2008, March 7). Yet, at the same time, the United Nations condemned Israel for their use of force to try and stop the groups of Hamas terrorist firing rockets that are targeted at Israel civilians.The United Nations actions of condemning Israel for their use of superior force to defend itself against those targeting Israel civilians, while at the same time refusing to condemn terrorist attacks targeted at civilians, merely emboldens the terrorists. The radical Palestinians who commit these terrorist acts see this lack of condemnation from the UN as a free pass to continue their targeting of civilians. Israel’s only logical response is to fight back, thus causing the violence to continue with at a cessation in site. Then again with an increase in world wide Anti-Semitism over the last few decades, it has ecome unpopular, in the world, to support the Jewish state. Why should the World Care? While the United Nations has shown weakness on the issue of supporting Israel as they continue to fight terrorist in an effort to protect its civilians, the question should be asked if there really is a need to support Israel and protect them from being completely eradicated. The first thing to consider is displacement. If the country of Israel were to ever fall to the Arab world and it become a Muslim nation again, where would the Jews go? You would first have the immediate influx of Jewish refugees would be most likely forced from their homes.Additionally, what happens if another Holocaust happens in which one group is attempting to eradicate the Jewish peo ple? Where would these Jews go to be guaranteed an escape from this persecution? The next big issue as to whether or not Israel is worth saving is the question of what has Israel done for the world so far? Good News from Israel gives plenty of examples of how Israel has contributed to the world. Here are just a few. Motorola’s research and development facility in Israel developed the cell phone. Both the Intel Pentium microprocessor and Pentium MMX Chip were designed in Israel.The AOL Instant Messenger ICQ was developed in Israel. Israeli doctors are making major medical breakthroughs including finding was to stop cancer in its tracks. Israel has the third most companies listed with the NASDAQ, behind Canada and the United States. These are just a few of the contributions that Israel has made to the world (http://www. newsoftheday. com/). All these and more have been accomplished while continuously engaged in war and being the target of terrorist. The question should be how c ould the International Community afford not to play a role in establishing peace in the Middle East while not removing Israel from the map?What can be Done To Achieve Peace? Unfortunately, it seems as though the only way there will ever be peace in the Middle East is for a devastating and complete loss for one of the sides. The sad reality is peace talks and cease-fires do not work. The only way to truly achieve an end to a conflict is for an enemy to be dealt a crushing blow or a complete annihilation. The biggest problem is Fatah and other organizations that are part of the mainstream Palestinian lifestyle have called for the destruction of Israel (Ratzlav-Katz, 2007, November 20). They refuse to stop their fight against Israel until the country of Israel no longer exists.These leaves Israel with the option of defending itself and acting aggressively to prevent more civilians from being targeted by Palestinian terrorists. Perhaps ones all the terrorists have been eliminated, the t wo sides will be able to sit down and reach an agreement that will result in a lasting peace. In order for peace to fully exist, though, after the terrorist have been removed from the equation, Israel’s neighbors are going to have to recognize it as a legitimate country with a right to exist. Perhaps once these two conditions exist, there can be a true heading towards peace.References Anti Defamation League. (1999). Israeli War for Independence. Retrieved March 3, 2008, from http://www. adl. org/ISRAEL/Record/48war. asp Heilprin, J. (2008, March 7). Libya Blocks UN from Condemning Violence. Yahoo News. Retrieved March 7, 2008, from http://news. yahoo. com/s/ap/20080307/ap_on_re_af/un_mideast_violence Hurewitz, J. C. (Ed. ). (1979). The Middle fast and North Africa in World politics: a Documentary Record, vol. 2. New Haven: Yale University Press. Lenk, Karl. (1991). The Mauritius Affair, The Boat People of 1940/1941. London. Ratzlav-Katz, N. (2007, November 20). American Jewry : Fatah Charter Calls to ‘Eradicate' Israel. Arutz Sheva. Retrieved March 9, 2008, from: http://www. israelnationalnews. com/News/News. aspx/124315 United Nations. (1947). Resolution 181. Retrieved March 8, 2008, from http://daccessdds. un. org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/038/88/IMG/NR003888. pdf? OpenElement United Nations Conciliation Commission. (1950, October 23). General Progress Report and Supplementary Report of the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine, Covering the Period from 11 December 1949 to 23 October 1950. Retrieved March 9, 2008, from http://domino. un. org/unispal. nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/93037e3b939746de8525610200567883! OpenDocument The Middle East Conflict The Middle East Conflict Will Israel Ever be Able to Exist in Peace? The Middle East Conflict Will Israel Ever be Able to Exist in Peace? From the day Israel declared itself an independent nation, neighboring countries and terrorists has routinely attacked it. The history of Israel and the conflict between the Jewish state and its Arab neighbors is long and complex. To begin to understand the root of the violence, one must first know the history of the creation of the state of Israel.Some of the major questions that have to be asked to understand the conflict and whether or not there can truly be peace include the following: 1. How was Israel created 2. What has caused the tension in the Middle East 3. What role does the International community play on the Middle East conflict How Was Israel Created After the First World War, the defeated Ottoman Empire was divided amongst Britain, France, and Italy. The British mandate included Transjordan and Palestine, though this was the first ti me the name Palestine had ever been used.Britain’s main role was to implement the Balfour Declaration, which stated the â€Å"Majesty’s Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object† (Hurewitz, 1979, p. 101 – 106). The Arabs were originally given 80 percent of the British Mandate, now known as Jordan. During World War II, Britain refused to allow European Jews, who were attempting to escape the Nazis, entry into the British Mandate. Instead, they were either sent to the African nation of Mauritius or sent to detention camps (Lenk, 1991, p. 2). Even, after World War II, Britain wanted to severely restrict the flow of Jewish immigrants from Europe to Palestine. Finally, Britain announced their desire to end their mandate of the territory by May 1948 and they turned the problems regarding the division of the land to the Unite d Nations. The United Nations came up with several plans. The one that was voted on and passed 33 to 13 was UN Resolution 181, which divided the remaining portion of the British Mandate into two independent states with Jerusalem falling underInternational control (United Nations, 1947, p. 132 – 133). The UN resolution gave the half of the remaining 20 percent of the original mandate to the Arabs. Israel declared itself an independent state on the 14th. It was immediately recognized by the United State, the Soviet Union, and many other nations. However, the Arab world refused to recognize Israel and over the next several days Arab forces from Egypt, Syria, Transjordan, Lebanon, and Iraq invaded Israel (Anti Defamation League, 1999).Israel defeated all of the invading countries and starting with Egypt in February 1949, they all began to sign armistice agreements with Israel. Israel gained an additional 8 percent of the original mandate after the war. The Gaza strip went to Egyp t and the West Bank to Transjordan. The United Nations Conciliation Commission estimated there were approximately 711000 Palestine refugees as a result of the 1948 War (1950). However, Jordan was the only Arab country who would accept them and allow the to travel outside of UN refugee camps (Bard, 2008).What Has Led To The Current Tensions? After the initial 1948-49 War, many Arabs in Israel choose to try and leave the country and flee to other surrounding Arab nations. However, since Jordan was the only country willing to accept them as citizens, major resentment built up towards the Jews. Again, in 1967 Egypt and Jordan invaded Israel in another attempt to wipe Israel of the map. This war lead to the annexation of the West Bank, the Gaza strip and the Suez Canal into the hands of the Jewish state resulting in even more Palestinian refugees.Once more, resentment continued to build against Israel. The irony of the situation is the Palestinians have had land and they have had opportu nities for their own country, yet the Arabs in the region were not content with the land they already had and continued the violence towards Israel creating the refugee problem. As more and more Palestinians are displaced, the blame is put on Israel for not doing enough to help out the Palestinians and help them make permanent homes. Yet, at the same time no other Arab nation will take the time to help the Palestinians.Instead they use them in an effort to obtain their own goal of a complete annihilation of the Jewish State. Iran, for example, helps to fund and support Hamas and the Palestinian Islamic Jihad, both of which are terrorist organizations. This outside influence adds more to the already tense situation in Israel. Another factor that has led to the hostilities was the creation of a Jewish state in a predominately Muslim region of the world. The Muslims see Israel and Jerusalem, the third holiest Muslim city, as belonging to them.On the other hand the Jewish people biblica lly have the same believe about Israel and Jerusalem belonging to them. Both groups were given the legal permission via international law that provided both groups with land in the area. While the Israelis were content with the land they were given, the Palestinians were not, thus, the start of the 1948-49 war. When the other Arab nations attacked Israel, they violated international law and started a war of aggression. Since they were defeated, International law says all land captured from the aggressive armies is to remain in the hands of the country that was attacked.The Palestinians saw this as though Israel were stealing their homeland. However, by refusing to accept the UN’s partition plan, they gave up any right they had to the land. Though the rhetoric that these Palestinian areas are being occupied illegally by Israel helps to fuel the violence between the two groups. What is the International Community’s Role be in Trying to Ensure Peace in the Region? The Uni ted Nations was directly responsible for the creation of the state of Israel, as was noted earlier.Therefore it is partly the responsibility of the UN to help ensure peace. The problem right now is violence is not condemned on both sides of the conflict. When a Palestinian terrorist walked into a Jerusalem seminary and 8 rabbinical students, the United Nations could not pass a condemnation of the attack (Heilprin, 2008, March 7). Yet, at the same time, the United Nations condemned Israel for their use of force to try and stop the groups of Hamas terrorist firing rockets that are targeted at Israel civilians.The United Nations actions of condemning Israel for their use of superior force to defend itself against those targeting Israel civilians, while at the same time refusing to condemn terrorist attacks targeted at civilians, merely emboldens the terrorists. The radical Palestinians who commit these terrorist acts see this lack of condemnation from the UN as a free pass to continue their targeting of civilians. Israel’s only logical response is to fight back, thus causing the violence to continue with at a cessation in site. Then again with an increase in world wide Anti-Semitism over the last few decades, it has ecome unpopular, in the world, to support the Jewish state. Why should the World Care? While the United Nations has shown weakness on the issue of supporting Israel as they continue to fight terrorist in an effort to protect its civilians, the question should be asked if there really is a need to support Israel and protect them from being completely eradicated. The first thing to consider is displacement. If the country of Israel were to ever fall to the Arab world and it become a Muslim nation again, where would the Jews go? You would first have the immediate influx of Jewish refugees would be most likely forced from their homes.Additionally, what happens if another Holocaust happens in which one group is attempting to eradicate the Jewish peo ple? Where would these Jews go to be guaranteed an escape from this persecution? The next big issue as to whether or not Israel is worth saving is the question of what has Israel done for the world so far? Good News from Israel gives plenty of examples of how Israel has contributed to the world. Here are just a few. Motorola’s research and development facility in Israel developed the cell phone. Both the Intel Pentium microprocessor and Pentium MMX Chip were designed in Israel.The AOL Instant Messenger ICQ was developed in Israel. Israeli doctors are making major medical breakthroughs including finding was to stop cancer in its tracks. Israel has the third most companies listed with the NASDAQ, behind Canada and the United States. These are just a few of the contributions that Israel has made to the world (http://www. newsoftheday. com/). All these and more have been accomplished while continuously engaged in war and being the target of terrorist. The question should be how c ould the International Community afford not to play a role in establishing peace in the Middle East while not removing Israel from the map?What can be Done To Achieve Peace? Unfortunately, it seems as though the only way there will ever be peace in the Middle East is for a devastating and complete loss for one of the sides. The sad reality is peace talks and cease-fires do not work. The only way to truly achieve an end to a conflict is for an enemy to be dealt a crushing blow or a complete annihilation. The biggest problem is Fatah and other organizations that are part of the mainstream Palestinian lifestyle have called for the destruction of Israel (Ratzlav-Katz, 2007, November 20). They refuse to stop their fight against Israel until the country of Israel no longer exists.These leaves Israel with the option of defending itself and acting aggressively to prevent more civilians from being targeted by Palestinian terrorists. Perhaps ones all the terrorists have been eliminated, the t wo sides will be able to sit down and reach an agreement that will result in a lasting peace. In order for peace to fully exist, though, after the terrorist have been removed from the equation, Israel’s neighbors are going to have to recognize it as a legitimate country with a right to exist. Perhaps once these two conditions exist, there can be a true heading towards peace.References Anti Defamation League. (1999). Israeli War for Independence. Retrieved March 3, 2008, from http://www. adl. org/ISRAEL/Record/48war. asp Heilprin, J. (2008, March 7). Libya Blocks UN from Condemning Violence. Yahoo News. Retrieved March 7, 2008, from http://news. yahoo. com/s/ap/20080307/ap_on_re_af/un_mideast_violence Hurewitz, J. C. (Ed. ). (1979). The Middle fast and North Africa in World politics: a Documentary Record, vol. 2. New Haven: Yale University Press. Lenk, Karl. (1991). The Mauritius Affair, The Boat People of 1940/1941. London. Ratzlav-Katz, N. (2007, November 20). American Jewry : Fatah Charter Calls to ‘Eradicate' Israel. Arutz Sheva. Retrieved March 9, 2008, from: http://www. israelnationalnews. com/News/News. aspx/124315 United Nations. (1947). Resolution 181. Retrieved March 8, 2008, from http://daccessdds. un. org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/038/88/IMG/NR003888. pdf? OpenElement United Nations Conciliation Commission. (1950, October 23). General Progress Report and Supplementary Report of the United Nations Conciliation Commission for Palestine, Covering the Period from 11 December 1949 to 23 October 1950. Retrieved March 9, 2008, from http://domino. un. org/unispal. nsf/9a798adbf322aff38525617b006d88d7/93037e3b939746de8525610200567883! OpenDocument